Political science state centered and power centered free essay sample

Man in nature is a social being. He cannot exist alone and can certainly not be self-sufficient. He is born and dwells in society where he associates with fellow humans. Man’s interaction with others in society eventually manifests his selfishness and quarrelsome nature. The human being is complex. Therefore as men live and interact in society, there arises the need for rules and accepted form of behavior. The regulation and execution of these rules are what bring about order in society. The regulators and enforcers of these rules and laws are what constitute what is called government. According to Heywood (2007) the government is created by individuals and for individuals (population), it exists to serve their needs and interests. This government hence is involved in a relationship with the rest of society. People have needs within the environment where there are resources and as such they make demands to the system (government) where processes take place and decisions and policies are passed back into the environment responding to the demands previously made. The discipline that deals with man in relation to his government is what is referred to as political science. However, there is no single or generally accepted view of political science as many thinkers have given many and different explanations of politics. The aim of this essay is to discuss political science as political science state-centered and political science power-centered and to highlight the differences and similarities between the two. Political scientists study matters concerning the allocation and transfer of power in decision making, the roles and systems of governance including governments and international organizations, political behavior and public policies. They measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining many factors, including stability, justice, material wealth, and peace. (Http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Political_scienceoldid=572424779). As the term is political science, it is a branch of social sciences among others like economics, sociology, anthropology, psychology etc. The term science according to JR Bond (n. d) cited in Beck et. al (1986) â€Å"implies the use of scientific methods. Science has had different meanings in different times in history. In the archaic science knowledge was mainly gained by just studying. In the modern usage, science is a method of learning based on systematic observation using the scientific method. † Politics as a science refers to the course of action through which political science as an academic specialty has come to use the scientific method for the production and distribution of knowledge about politics. Beck et. al states that â€Å"the study of politics involves conflict resolution hence politics defined by Harold Lasswell as the resolution of conflict over who gets what, when and how. The what is the particular product given out to the people for instance in education. The when is the timing and the how is the method used for distribution. In politics, the term science is regarded as precise and factual data supported by quantified and empirical evidence. Some political scientists now regard politics as a science since they collect quantified data and manipulate it statistically to support a hypothesis. The data is constantly gathered until it supports or generalizes human behavior and this forms generalizations called theories. Some theories are so firm that they are called laws. In this way, political study accumulates knowledge which is the original meaning of the term science. Therefore, politics as a science relates to knowledge acquired through systematic protocols that is used to explain human behavior in a society. It is knowledge that is based on empirical data or evidence or proof hence it is objective. † The subject of political science has had different views and therefore different theories, ideas and concepts have arisen out thereof: those such as political science state-centered and political science power-centered. According to Aristotle political science is a study a man in the governing of himself. In other words it is a study of state affairs. A state is a compulsory political organization with a centralized government that maintains a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a certain geographical territory. Other traditional thinkers such as Paul Janet and Jelineck also defined political science is a study of state affairs only. This means that man, the government and their relationship are studied. This is political science state centered. The authority and influence over society is held in the state alone as an independent entity. The focus of study is on the state and the state or state affairs only. State-centered stresses the role of the government on society. Its focus is that the state itself can maintain political life to some extent independently of the way power is allocated between society classes. It should also be made clear that the government is their or exists in order to organize society thereby satisfying the needs of man or society or the population.. This is because the societies or man’s wants and needs are unlimited. Therefore a government has to exist to satisfy them. Some of the duties that government performs in order to satisfy the needs of society are: To provide law and order. It is the duty of the state to make that the society is ruled under law and that order is maintained. Rules and laws are what promote order even in society where the desires and aspirations of the people are not the same. For Ulimwengu (n. d) the state also provides education for the society. It is part of people’s desire to be literate and educated. Under state centered the government The state government promotes the state economy and to take operational control over most government programs for individuals, such as social programs and risk management. Because revenues would be redistributed according to this redistribution of legislative responsibilities, the states would have the resources to fund the activities acquired from federal control. (Norman, 12 August, 2008). In relation to the state’s role in the economy, Heywood (2007) states that the defects of the capitalist system can be rectified by the state through a process of economic and social engineering; the state is the custodian of public or common interest. The state provides security within the borders of the state. This is security from both outside the state and within the state (Norman, 12 August, 2008). According to Ulimwengu (n. d) the state provides and safeguards a range of goods, both tangible and intangible, that assure its people of a secure public space wherein they can live and love, produce and reproduce, and pursue the enjoyment of the fruits of their labour and love. Heywood mentions that the legitimate role of government is limited to the protection of ‘life, liberty and property’. Therefore the functions of governments should not extend beyond the ‘minimal’ functions of preserving public order and protecting property, providing defense against external attack and ensuring that contracts are enforced. Political science power-centered draws its meaning from the power theorists who considered political science not to be a study of the state business only but can be expanded to other institutions like trade unions, business associations, churches, non-governmental organizations, Academia, Student and Youth Organizations, Professional Bodies, Cultural Associations and Kinship Networks, international organizations inclusive and other institutions which play important roles in the struggle for power, morally, economically and politically on society. Unlike political science state centered, here the state and these non-state actors share power. Power may be defined according to the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as the capacity to influence the behavior of others, the emotions or the course of events. It can also be defined as the ability of a person or a group to influence the beliefs and actions of other people. It is the ability to influence events. Power can be personal power (http//en,Wikipedia. org/wiki/political_science. power_versus_authority). This would therefore mean that not only the state has an influence on society but the non-state actors as well. Political science power-centered is mainly about power or power politics. Under this can view politics as who gets what, when and how (Lasswell cited in Beck, et. al, 1986). All this is in relation to the influence and authority that is expressed on society and its organization. According to Ulimwengu (n. d) ‘it is generally recognized that the process of building a capable state requires the participation of all the vital forces of a nation. A capable state is one that has all the attributes of a modern, strong, responsible and responsive state, a state capable of effectively discharging its duties of delivering security, peace, prosperity and other pubic goods to its people. Although the state has traditionally been considered as the focal point of this process, other sectors, including non-state ones, have an important role to play, and the importance of this role has grown significantly over the past couple of decades as the limitations of the post-colonial state in providing for the needs of its people have been made all too clear. It is thus important to identify these other actors and recognize those areas wherein they can contribute, and have indeed contributed, to the process, as well as to appreciate better their nature, their mode of intervention, the constraints hampering their action as well as to explore ways in which their participation can be rendered more fruitful. ’ An example of the role that non-state actors may play as a result of power sharing is that of non-governmental organizations (NGO’s). These are mostly single issue organizations, engaged either in development activities or in advocacy work. In development work they tend to be restricted in scope, operating in small geographical areas, covering small groups of people. In single issue

POLITICAL LEANINGS AND CHOICE OF VEHICLES Essays - Bumper Sticker

Running head: POLITICAL LEANINGS AND CHOICE OF VEHICLES1 Political Leanings and Choice of Vehicles Are Cars, Trucks and SUVs Democrats or Republicans Jonathon McNeil Middle Tennessee State University Running Head:Political Leanings and Choice of Vehicles2 Abstract It might be argued that liberals drive small vehicles in an effort to save the planet, from their belief in global warming. Many conservatives do not believe that scientific evidence supports global warming as a whole and hence are not as likely to buy and drive small vehicles. You are to test this hypothesis, that liberals (democrats) drive small cars and conservatives (republicans) drive larger cars. Go to parking lots and look for cars with political stickers that suggest whether they are liberal/democrat or conservative/republican. Note also whether the vehicle is small or large. You will have to operationally define small and large. Collect data for 24 liberals/democrats and 24 conservatives/republicans. Running Head: Political Leanings and Choice of Vehicles3 Introduction: I went into the Walmart parking lot off of South Rutherford Boulevard in Murfreesboro and observed 48 vehicles in total. I observed 24 vehicles that were determined to be liberal bumper stickers the other 24 vehicles were determined to be trucks and SUVs as having conservative bumper stickers. Throughout my research I have observed bumper stickers that were ambiguous stated I love dogs and other stickers stated Peace, love and happiness and Show support for the NRA which I could not determine whether the individuals bumper stickers to be Democrat or Republican. I spent a total of three hours walking in each parking lot collecting data such as vehicle information and whether the vehicle has a bumper sticker. One of the weaknesses with my research is observing bumper stickers and coming to a final determination whether the vehicle is a Democrat or a Republican. The factual data based solely on observation is limited to my interpretation of the bumper stickers. Hypothesis: Based on the data I have collected using the significance of .033 and one degree of freedom. Df= n-1 using two different population studies in this sample cars and politics. The cutoff from the Chi Square table is 4.547 for one degree of freedom .05 by using the Chi Square table and my value on the Pearson Chi Square model based on the data .033 there was a high degree of significance the data produced that SUVS and trucks that are conservatives and cars and small cars are democrats. Running Head: Political Leanings and Choice of Vehicles4 Method: Population 1: Cars was available and used to determine if the population is associated with being or not being liberal or conservative. Population 2: Politics category used to determine whether trucks, cars, and SUVs are branded on their bumper sticker Conservative or Democrat. For example: The value n are the number of cars, SUVs and trucks. Participants: The research is based solely on observation and recording of factual data. Apparatus: Pen and a paper was provided along with a clipboard to count the number of vehicles in a parking lot of Walmart and count the number of bumper stickers on a vehicle to tally up. Procedure: Observing 24 cars that were deemed liberal and 24 Trucks and SUVS were republican. Results: The Chi Square was performed and the result has a high degree of significance .033. Discussion: To make a conclusion about the hypothesis with 95% confidence, the value labeled Asymp. Sig. (which is the p-value of the Chi-Square statistic) should be less than .05 (which is the alpha level associated with a 95% confidence level). By researching the data allows me to assess whether the association seen between cars, trucks and SUVs in a particular sample is likely to represent an actual relationship between political leanings between democrats and conservatives choice in a population.

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Gaughin essays

Gaughin essays Paul Gauguin was a French painter born on June 7, 1848 in Paris. Earlier in his life while at Peru he lived a successful life as stockbroker with his wife and five children. After seeing his first impressionist exhibit in 1874 Gauguin started to collect and to paint and at the age of 35 Gauguin then leaves his family and children to devote this entire life to painting. Gauguin used oil to paint and his style of painting was impressionism. Impressionism is a technique that was developed in France during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The most obvious characteristic of Impressionism is the attempt to accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and colour. But during 1886 to 1891 while in Brittany Gauguin made a transition from impressionism to a more naturalistic style which he called synthetism. Gauguin's most powerful and influential period was after 1895 when he spent the rest of his life in the tropics. While he lived on the island of Tahiti he created some very beautiful masterpieces. His subjects in the paintings ranged from the ordinary lives of the Tahitian women to ugly scenes of death. Then on May 9, 1903 Paul Gauguin passes away at the age of 45 while living in Marquesas. I have very many reasons as to why I chose Gauguin. Even though Gauguin spent his elder years in the tropics and I have never gone anywhere near it I have seen, however, how the tropics look like and I like the atmosphere and the environment of it very much. I think Gauguin also liked it very much in the tropics that is why he spent the rest of his life there to paint his surroundings which include palm trees and people. I, on the other hand, only painted palm trees and marine animals with no human beings involved. Another reason as to why I chose Gauguin is because we use similar colour schemes throughout our paintings. Gauguin's colours are very bold and vibrant which give a very joyous ...

Cultural Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural Anthropology - Essay Example In fact, the latter part of the Neolithic Age showed that these people also developed pottery especially those group found in the Near East. When it comes to society, the Hunter society is considered flat since there is no hierarchical authority and the social structure is egalitarian. The hunters are usually grouped in a band that has an average of 15 members. On the contrary, the Neolithic Man are usually grouped in tribes with at least â€Å"150 up to 2000 members† ( Rigby, 2000). However, like the hunter society, studies about Neolithic Man also revealed that hierarchy is not evident in their society. Many scholars believed that both societies had â€Å" primitive communism† wherein they all equally worked hard for the benefit of the community. Also, the social life of these groups mainly focused on the home and their families. The â€Å" primal religion† of these two groups are similar. These societies believed in a concept of â€Å"god† that existed in nature. God was magical for them since he existed in forms such as thunder, fire, lightning which they showed much respect. These two groups also believed that people have spirits and that they travel into another dimension. Even in the hunter society, burial was practiced which illustrated their respect for the dead body. Shamans or witchdoctors were also recognized as people who can heal or communicate with spirits. In short, religious beliefs already pervaded the life of early man.

Business informal report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business informal report - Essay Example The society has experienced great loss to the fact that the museum presently does not have a section for Greek mythology. This is due to the fact that the foundation of modern society is mainly based on the Ancient Greek civilization (Dowden 46). The civilization includes Greek literature and mythology (Hard 131). A section on Greek mythology particularly Pelops should be opened. It is true from my analysis that the knowledge about the history of Greek help to realize the need for opening a section of the museum. With the knowledge in history about the Greek mythology the manager will be convinced that Greek mythology is important for the museum. The manager will be convinced that the Greek mythology and its traditions are relevant in today’s time (Dowden 48). Greek mythology at the museum can be presented by the case for Pelops (Edinger & Deborah 152). Many visitors will be interested to know much in Pelop’s life. The birth of Pelop, his apprenticeship to Poseidon, his being served to the gods by his father, his fatal curse, his love among others can be presented in the museum (Edinger & Deborah 153). One of my recommendations that I derived after the study is that the manager should undertake performance and plan for the development of the museum. Besides, the executive manager will regularly need ideas that will attract more visitors to the museum (Hard 129). The knowledgeable about history, geography and science equips individuals on the importance and ways of opening a section of the museum. The manager should also be attentive to suggestions that are put forward logically in order to develop fruitful ideas. Evidently, the creation of a section of the museum can be made possible when the executive manager take an action. The manager should gather more ideas and information on the various ways of creating up the section. I will be very happy to realize that the section

Cash for comment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cash for comment - Essay Example Equivalently, this is to imply that given liberty of serving personal growth and interests alone without stepping over similar rights of other individuals, one may take pride in earning bucks filthy enough by the quantity and act to the extent of breaching terms of integrity. It is as if the condition imposed by the latter must be absent and related criticisms be relieved of for ‘Cash for Comment’ to prove its state of affairs blameless among involved parties, say of journalists primarily, who could be gaining mass after mass of wealth if allowed the entire freedom from elements of guilt with deliberate immodest advances. This, however, is never the case for the 1999 scandal in the field of mass communication which itself introduced the label phrase ‘Cash for Comment’ through major personalities known to have gone into certain wicked ways running counter to the intended course of noble and responsible journalism. To recall prominent names as John Laws, Alan Jones, 2UE, and the Australian Bankers’ Association is to likewise give key ideas that would in brief concretize depiction of the ‘Cash for Comment’ incident. In particular, the event marked the turning point in history of an industry for which heightened skepticisms were raised following ABC’s Media Watch program exposà © in July 1999 of Sydney’s talkback radio show host John Laws whose positive on-air opinions regarding financial institutions were alleged to have been arranged as merchandise for the sponsoring banks. Laws basically failed to disclose in public the nature of commercial negotiations made with the sponsors, leading thus to serious charges against the station’s licensee 2UE for not complying with suitable regulations set through the Commercial Radio Code of Conduct which by Australian Broadcasting Authority or ABA requires commercial radio licensees to ensure no viewpoints are misrepresented or relevant information is withheld . ABA divulged findings of breaches incurred by 2UE through Laws’s fault of promoting remarkable critique for banks and banking industry on-air which according to ABA was actually made with the objective of reducing negative comments by J. Laws â€Å"from a present average of four a week to nil, concurrently receive positive comments from Mr. Laws, over and above the paid advertisements..† (Johnson, 2000). So, during the incident John Laws, along with Alan Jones whose involvement eventually got dismissed, was in acquisition of massive sum or cash in return after granting affiliates the desired comments within the program and public forum. At this point, the presenter likely gave into a trance-like state of seeing nothing else of significance but his craft while no border distinguished his knowledge of integrity from that of editing a known existing truth. Such shameless deed of crossing the line that resulted to negligence of duty and of respect for responsible broadca sting deserves regulatory sanctions having violated the fourth section of the Broadcasting Services Act of 1992, stating â€Å"to encourage providers of commercial and community broadcasting to be responsive to the need for a fair and accurate coverage of matters of public interest and for appropriate coverage of matters of local significance.† (ABA, 2000). Similarly, the Commercial Radio Code of Conduct expressed agreement to the violation committed by the licensee based upon its requisite of guaranteeing that all advertisements be not